Institute researchers investigated the disparity in female representation between the fields of physics and biology across four different countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and India, identifying several factors which contribute to the underrepresentation of women in physics: cultural perceptions, educational environments, and disciplinary characteristics. The authors highlight that physics is often viewed as more masculine and intellectually demanding, which can deter women from pursuing this field. In contrast, biology is perceived as more inclusive and nurturing, attracting a higher number of female students.
Through qualitative interviews with scientists in both fields, the study reveals how societal norms and institutional practices—including religious beliefs and practices—shape women's experiences and career trajectories. The authors find that in all four national contexts, women face challenges such as implicit bias, lack of mentorship, and fewer role models in physics, which hinder their advancement and participation.
Additionally, the article examines the impact of family responsibilities and how certain religious contexts may shape societal expectations regarding gender roles, potentially impacting women’s career choices and therefore representation in specific fields. The authors argue for the importance of targeted interventions, such as creating supportive academic environments and promoting visible female role models to encourage greater female participation in physics.
The study highlights the interplay between religion, culture, and gender in shaping academic and professional pathways for women and emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing women's representation in various scientific disciplines. In addressing these disparities, the authors call for systemic changes to foster gender equity in physics and encourage a more diverse scientific community.
